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Highlights: Bulgaria Opens Long-Term Visa Applications across India | Starts Nov 1

• Bulgaria will launch its long-term (D) visa services in India from November 1, 2025, making it easier for Indians to apply for study, work, and family visas.
• Indian citizens can now submit applications across six major cities — New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Ahmedabad — instead of traveling only to the capital.
• VFS Global has been appointed to manage the process, including application submission, document verification, and biometric enrolment.
• Appointment slots for centres outside Delhi will open by mid-November 2025, providing greater convenience for applicants nationwide.
• Applications can be submitted online via the VFS Global Bulgaria Visa Portal, streamlining the process for Indian travelers.

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Bulgaria Strengthens Ties with India through Simplified Visa Access

In a major step toward enhancing travel and cooperation, Bulgaria has expanded its long-term visa (D visa) services across India, making it easier for Indian citizens to apply for study, work, or family visas.

The initiative was formalized on October 24, 2025, through an addendum signed between H.E. Nikolay Yankov, the Ambassador of Bulgaria to India, and Yummi Talwar, Chief Operating Officer – South Asia, VFS Global, at the Embassy of Bulgaria in New Delhi.

Ambassador Nikolay Yankov described the launch as an important milestone in strengthening people-to-people and business relations between India and Bulgaria. He emphasized that the move will simplify the application process and make it more accessible for Indian citizens who plan to travel for education, employment, or family reasons

“The launch of Bulgaria’s long-term visa services across India marks an important step in strengthening the people-to-people and business ties between our two countries. This initiative will make the application process simpler and more accessible for Indian citizens planning to travel to Bulgaria for study, work, or family reasons,” — H.E. Nikolay Yankov, Ambassador of Bulgaria to India

This expansion not only deepens bilateral relations between the two nations but also reflects Bulgaria’s commitment to welcoming more Indian students, professionals, and families through an easier, faster, and locally accessible visa process.

*Want to apply for a Schengen visa? Let Y-Axis help you with the steps.
 

What Does This Mean for Indian Applicants?

With Bulgaria’s long-term (D) visa now available across multiple centres, Indian citizens can benefit in several ways:

• Easier access: Applicants can now apply from six major cities instead of traveling to New Delhi.
• Time savings: Appointment slots for centres outside Delhi will open by mid-November 2025, reducing travel time and waiting periods.
• Greater convenience: Applications will be managed by VFS Global, the same trusted partner that already handles Bulgaria’s short-term (C) visas.
• Wider network: VFS Global operates Bulgaria’s visa services in 31 countries through 116 centres worldwide, ensuring consistent service quality.
• Comprehensive support: Applicants can now access all visa categories—both short-term and long-term—under a single service provider.

 

Where Can You Apply for a Bulgaria Long-Term Visa in India?

Indian citizens can now conveniently submit their Bulgaria long-term visa (D visa) applications at VFS Global centres across six major cities. This initiative ensures that applicants no longer need to travel long distances to New Delhi to complete their visa process.

The centres are strategically located in key metros to make the process easier and more accessible:

 

City	Visa Application Centre Location
Ahmedabad	Shree Balaji Agora Mall, Motera
Bengaluru	Gopalan Innovation Mall, J. P. Nagar
Chennai	Ramee Mall, Anna Salai, Teynampet
Kolkata	Rene Tower, Kasba
Mumbai	Trade Centre, Bandra Kurla Complex
New Delhi	Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place

 

Applicants residing in or near these cities can book appointments online through the official VFS Global Bulgaria Visa Portal. The online portal allows users to choose their preferred centre, schedule an appointment, and prepare documents in advance.

According to the announcement, appointment slots for centres outside New Delhi—including Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad—will open by mid-November 2025. This phased rollout ensures smoother handling of applications and reduces processing delays during the initial launch period.

With the inclusion of these six centres, Bulgaria has made it significantly easier for Indian citizens to apply locally, saving both time and travel costs. The expansion also reflects Bulgaria’s growing interest in attracting more students, professionals, and families from India, further strengthening mobility and people-to-people connections between the two nations.

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Austria Opens Doors for Indian Engineering Students with New Student Visa Partnership
 

Bulgaria’s Visa Expansion Offers New Opportunities for Indians Abroad

Bulgaria’s decision to expand its long-term visa services across India marks a transformative step for Indian applicants looking to study, work, or settle abroad. The new arrangement not only enhances accessibility but also opens wider opportunities for individuals planning to build a future in Europe.

This expansion is particularly significant as Bulgaria is becoming an emerging hub for higher education, career growth, and family settlement. With faster processing, shorter travel distances, and localized services, Indian citizens can now begin their Bulgaria journey with greater ease and confidence.

• For students: Gain smoother access to Bulgaria’s leading universities and affordable European education.
• For professionals: Explore growing opportunities in Bulgaria’s expanding industries with a simplified visa process
• For families: Experience an easier path to reunite with loved ones and begin a new life together in Bulgaria.

With a simplified process and six visa centres across India, this initiative makes Bulgaria a more accessible and attractive destination for Indians seeking new opportunities abroad.

Now is the right time to apply, whether you’re planning to study, work, or settle in Bulgaria, this expansion ensures a faster, more convenient, and reliable visa experience for all Indian applicants.
 

*Are you looking for step-by-step assistance with overseas immigration? Contact Y-Axis, the world’s No.1 overseas immigration consultancy, for end-to-end assistance!

For recent Schengen updates, check out Y-Axis Schengen News page!
 

FAQs
 

1. What is the new update regarding Bulgaria’s long-term visa applications in India?

Bulgaria has announced that it will begin accepting long-term visa applications from Indian nationals starting November 1. This development marks an important step in strengthening Bulgaria–India relations and facilitating mobility for students, professionals, and business travelers. The long-term visa, also known as Visa D, allows applicants to stay in Bulgaria for more than 90 days and is typically the first step toward obtaining a residence permit. The decision aims to streamline visa services and make it easier for Indian citizens to apply directly from within India through authorized centers.
 

2. When will Bulgaria start accepting long-term visa applications from India?

From November 1, Bulgaria will officially start accepting long-term visa applications from Indian nationals. This move allows eligible applicants to submit their documentation within India for the first time instead of traveling abroad for processing. The announcement reflects growing cooperation between the Bulgarian government and Indian authorities to improve visa accessibility. Applicants can now apply for Visa D, which is necessary for individuals planning to live, study, or work in Bulgaria for extended periods. The new system is designed to ensure a smooth, transparent, and efficient visa process for Indian residents.
 

3. Where can Indian applicants submit their Bulgaria long-term visa applications?

Indian applicants can submit their Bulgaria long-term visa applications at newly designated Visa Application Centers managed by authorized partners. These centers will be located in key Indian cities to make the process accessible and convenient for applicants. The centers will accept applications, collect biometrics, and forward the documents to the Embassy of Bulgaria for processing. This initiative eliminates the need to apply outside India and helps streamline the submission procedure. Applicants are advised to check the official schedule and requirements before visiting the center to ensure a complete and accurate application.
 

4. Which company is managing Bulgaria’s visa application process in India?

Bulgaria’s long-term visa application process in India will be managed by VFS Global, a trusted outsourcing and technology services company that handles visa and consular operations for various governments worldwide. The collaboration allows Indian applicants to submit their applications and biometrics through VFS Global centers in India. VFS Global will facilitate the collection of documents, scheduling of appointments, and coordination with Bulgarian authorities, ensuring a more organized and efficient process. The introduction of this system represents a major convenience for Indian applicants seeking long-term stays in Bulgaria for work, study, or residence.
 

5. What types of long-term visas can Indians apply for under the new system?

Indian citizens can apply for Bulgaria’s long-term Visa D, which is required for stays exceeding 90 days. This visa category covers various purposes, including employment, business, studies, research, or family reunification. The Visa D serves as a prerequisite for obtaining a residence permit in Bulgaria. Applicants must provide supporting documents depending on the type of visa they seek, such as job offers, admission letters, or proof of family relationships. The initiative aims to make the process more accessible for Indians planning extended stays in Bulgaria for education, work, or settlement.
 

6.What documents are required for a Bulgaria long-term visa application?

To apply for a Bulgaria long-term Visa D, Indian applicants generally need a valid passport, a completed visa application form, recent photographs, proof of accommodation, travel insurance, and financial means to support their stay. Depending on the visa purpose, additional documents such as employment contracts, university admission letters, or marriage certificates may be required. All documents must be submitted in English or Bulgarian and, in some cases, notarized or apostilled. Applicants should verify requirements with the official visa center to ensure accuracy, as incomplete or incorrect submissions may delay processing.
 

7. What is the processing time for a Bulgaria long-term visa from India?

The processing time for a Bulgaria long-term Visa D from India typically ranges from 30 to 45 working days, depending on the volume of applications and the completeness of submitted documents. The Bulgarian authorities may extend this period if additional verification or documentation is needed. Applicants are encouraged to apply well in advance of their intended travel date to avoid delays. With the new system being launched in India, the processing is expected to become more efficient and transparent, ensuring that applicants are updated on the progress of their applications.
 

8. Are short-term Bulgaria visas also being processed in India?

Yes, short-term Bulgaria visas for tourism, business, or family visits are already being processed in India through the existing VFS Global centers. The new development specifically expands this service to include long-term Visa D applications, which were previously unavailable within India. This ensures that both short-stay and long-stay Bulgarian visas can now be conveniently applied for from the same centers. The integration of both visa types enhances accessibility and provides a one-stop platform for all visa-related services, making it easier for Indian travelers and professionals to plan visits to Bulgaria.
 

9. Will the Bulgaria visa application process in India be managed by VFS Global?

Yes, the visa application process for Bulgaria in India will be managed by VFS Global, a global leader in visa outsourcing and technology services. VFS Global will facilitate the end-to-end process, including application intake, document verification, biometric collection, and coordination with the Embassy of Bulgaria. This partnership ensures a standardized, transparent, and efficient experience for applicants. The collaboration also aligns with Bulgaria’s efforts to simplify visa procedures for Indian nationals, offering convenient access through multiple service centers across India beginning November 1.
 

10. How does this change benefit Indian travelers and professionals planning to move to Bulgaria?

The introduction of long-term Bulgaria visa processing in India significantly benefits Indian travelers, students, and professionals. It eliminates the need to travel to third countries for long-term visa applications and provides easier access to opportunities in Bulgaria. The new system streamlines the process, reduces waiting times, and ensures transparency through VFS Global’s managed centers. This development supports Bulgaria’s goal to attract skilled talent, international students, and business investors from India, fostering stronger bilateral relations and promoting educational and employment mobility between the two nations.

Highlights: H-1B Visa Fee Clarification Brings Relief and Renewed Hope for Indian Students

• The US government clarified that the $100,000 H-1B visa fee will not apply to F-1 students, restoring confidence among Indian aspirants.
• The new rule applies only to fresh H-1B applicants outside the US, easing concerns for students studying or working in America.
• Education experts reported an immediate rise in US-focused counselling sessions after the clarification.
• The update allows Indian students to transition smoothly from F-1 to OPT/STEM-OPT to H-1B, strengthening career prospects.
• Many students who were exploring Europe or the UK are now reconsidering US universities for higher education and job opportunities.

*Want to study in the US? Let Y-Axis help you with the process.
 

Relief for Indian Aspirants as US Exempts F-1 Students from $100,000 H-1B Fee

A recent announcement by the Trump administration has brought much-needed relief to Indian students aspiring to pursue higher education in the United States. The government clarified that the $100,000 H-1B visa application fee will not apply to international students studying on an F-1 visa, easing widespread concerns among students and families in India.

 

For the past few months, confusion around the new visa fee had created hesitation among many prospective applicants. Some even began exploring alternatives such as Canada, Germany, or the UK, fearing the additional costs and uncertainty in the US immigration system.

 

This latest clarification, however, has restored confidence and clarity for Indian students already in the US and those planning to go. It confirms that they can continue on the traditional F-1 to OPT/STEM-OPT to H-1B pathway without being affected by the new fee.

 

Education experts say this update will likely lead to a strong rebound in interest for US universities. Many counselling platforms have already reported an increase in inquiries from students who had earlier paused their plans.

 

The clarification reinforces the United States’ position as a leading destination for Indian students, offering not only world-class education but also a clear post-study work pathway that remains one of the most attractive globally.

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US Embassy Speeds Up Tourist Visa Appointments in Chennai, Delhi Applicants Wait Longer. Apply Now!
 

Clarity on H-1B Fees Revives Indian Students’ Interest in Studying in the US

Following the US government’s clarification that the $100,000 H-1B visa fee will not apply to F-1 students, interest in American universities has surged significantly among Indian aspirants. Education consultants and study-abroad platforms are witnessing a sharp uptick in applications and counselling sessions, signalling a revival of confidence in the US as a top global education destination.

 

According to Adarsh Khandelwal, co-founder of Collegify, “Many Indian families who were previously leaning toward Europe or Singapore are now revisiting US universities because of the renewed clarity and confidence in career prospects.”

 

Similarly, Naveen Chopra from The Chopras Group noted that “the exemption of international students from the new H-1B fee has neutralized the negative sentiment seen over the past few months.”

 

Before the update, countries like Germany, Ireland, and the UK had recorded an 8–10% increase in interest from Indian students seeking more stable post-study pathways. But with this new announcement, the US is regaining its position as the preferred destination — particularly for students in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science, and data analytics.

 

Experts predict that this renewed clarity will not only boost fall 2025 intakes but also strengthen the long-standing F-1 to H-1B transition pipeline, which continues to be a cornerstone of the India–US education and talent partnership.

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US Strengthens Its Standing as a Global Education Hub

The recent H-1B visa fee clarification has reaffirmed the United States’ position as the world’s most sought-after study destination. With renewed confidence among Indian students, education experts expect a surge in applications to US universities for upcoming intakes. The move not only restores trust but also highlights America’s continued commitment to attracting global talent and supporting international education mobility.

• The US clarified that the $100,000 H-1B visa fee does not apply to F-1 students, easing widespread concerns.
• Education consultants report a renewed rise in student counselling sessions and US university applications.
• Indian students, especially those in STEM and business programs, are showing stronger interest in the US again.
• Families that had shifted focus to Europe or the UK are now reconsidering US universities.
• The clarification is expected to boost Fall 2025 enrolments, strengthening the India–US education pipeline.
• The US continues to be seen as a global hub for quality education, innovation, and skilled talent growth.
   

*Are you looking for step-by-step assistance with US immigration? Contact Y-Axis, the world’s No.1 overseas immigration consultancy, for end-to-end assistance!

For recent immigration updates on the US, check out Y-Axis US Immigration News!
 

FAQs
 

1. What new clarifications has the US announced regarding the H-1B visa process?

The US government has introduced key clarifications to the H-1B visa process to make it more transparent and fair. The updates focus on preventing misuse of the H-1B registration system, ensuring that only genuine applicants with bona fide job offers are selected. The new rules also emphasize individual-based registration, meaning one person can only submit a single entry, even if multiple employers wish to sponsor them. This step aims to curb fraud and create equal opportunities for all qualified candidates, giving Indian students and professionals a more reliable pathway to secure US employment after graduation.

2. How do the new H-1B visa rules benefit Indian students in the US?

The updated H-1B visa rules benefit Indian students by creating a fairer, more predictable process for transitioning from study to work in the US. With individual-based registration and stronger verification measures, the new system reduces the chances of fraudulent multiple applications that previously decreased genuine applicants’ odds. Indian students graduating from US universities, especially in STEM fields, stand to gain the most, as employers are now encouraged to sponsor candidates with legitimate job offers. The clarity and transparency in selection give Indian students renewed confidence in pursuing career opportunities in the US post-study.

3. What impact will the H-1B changes have on international graduates seeking US jobs?

The H-1B reforms are designed to provide international graduates, including Indian students, a more streamlined and equitable transition from student to professional life in the US. By emphasizing one-person-one-registration, the system ensures fair competition among applicants. This reduces manipulation by employers or third-party agencies that previously distorted the lottery process. International graduates with legitimate job offers now have a stronger chance of selection based purely on merit. The changes also promote greater employer accountability and compliance, encouraging more ethical hiring practices, which could make the US job market more welcoming for skilled foreign graduates.

4. Will the H-1B lottery system become more transparent under the new rules?

Yes, the H-1B lottery system will become more transparent and credible under the new rules. The US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has redesigned the process to ensure fairness by linking registrations directly to individual applicants rather than employers. This move helps eliminate duplicate entries, ensuring that every applicant has an equal chance of being selected. Additionally, USCIS plans to enhance digital tracking and verification of entries to prevent system abuse. These steps mark a major shift towards accountability and transparency, reassuring international graduates that the process is based on merit rather than manipulation.

5. How are US universities and employers responding to the latest H-1B updates?

US universities and employers have largely welcomed the new H-1B visa updates, viewing them as a positive step towards improving fairness and trust in the system. Universities expect the clarity to encourage more international students to pursue advanced studies in the US, confident in their post-graduation work prospects. Employers appreciate that the new rules streamline hiring and reduce fraudulent registrations, allowing them to focus on hiring genuinely qualified talent. Together, these responses signal optimism that the reforms will strengthen the connection between education and skilled employment pathways in the United States.

6. What opportunities do the new H-1B guidelines create for STEM graduates from India?

The revised H-1B guidelines open more equitable opportunities for Indian STEM graduates who aspire to build careers in the US. Since the system now prioritizes transparency and fairness, those holding advanced degrees from US institutions stand a better chance of selection without competing against fraudulent or duplicate entries. The US continues to prioritize STEM professionals due to talent shortages in technology, engineering, and research sectors. For Indian graduates in these disciplines, the clarified rules strengthen pathways to employment and long-term residency, aligning with America’s goal of attracting global talent to drive innovation and economic growth.

7. Do the new H-1B reforms make it easier for F-1 students to transition to work visas?

Yes, the recent H-1B reforms make the transition from F-1 student status to a work visa smoother and more predictable. The clarified guidelines ensure that genuine students with valid job offers can compete fairly in the H-1B lottery, without being disadvantaged by system loopholes or multiple fraudulent entries. The updates align well with the Optional Practical Training (OPT) and STEM OPT programs, offering students more confidence in their post-study work prospects. For Indian F-1 students, these reforms enhance the likelihood of continuing their career journey in the US after completing their degrees.

8. How does the updated H-1B policy affect chances of long-term US immigration?

The updated H-1B policy indirectly strengthens the prospects for long-term immigration by offering more transparency and stability in the initial work visa stage. For many foreign professionals, including Indian graduates, the H-1B visa is the first step toward obtaining permanent residency in the US. With clearer regulations and reduced fraud, genuine candidates now have a fairer shot at securing sponsorship and gaining valuable US work experience. This creates a more reliable pathway to employment-based green cards, making the dream of long-term settlement in the United States more attainable for skilled international workers.

9. When will the new H-1B changes officially take effect?

The new H-1B visa changes will take effect for upcoming application cycles, aligning with the 2026 fiscal year’s registration period. USCIS has already begun implementing certain digital and procedural updates to ensure smoother processing and transparency. Applicants and employers are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the revised rules ahead of the next H-1B lottery registration window. The changes aim to streamline the entire process before the next round of applications begins, ensuring fair participation for all qualified candidates, particularly recent graduates and foreign professionals seeking employment in the United States.

10. What advice should Indian students follow to improve their chances of securing an H-1B visa?

Indian students should focus on strengthening their academic profile, gaining relevant US work experience through Optional Practical Training (OPT) or STEM OPT extensions, and securing employment with credible, H-1B–approved employers. They should ensure that their registration details are accurate, as multiple or duplicate entries are now disqualified under the new rules. Staying updated with USCIS announcements and consulting immigration experts can help avoid common mistakes. Additionally, targeting high-demand fields such as technology, healthcare, and engineering increases the likelihood of sponsorship and selection, enhancing overall chances of successfully obtaining an H-1B visa.

Highlights: Canada PM Mark Carney Unveils Bold Immigration Plan to Attract Global Talent amid US H-1B Fee Surge

• Canada announces major immigration overhaul aimed at attracting skilled professionals as the US raises H-1B visa fees to $100,000, creating new global opportunities.
• New pathways for skilled workers will make immigration easier for professionals in technology, science, and engineering sectors.
• A national talent strategy will focus on skills training and apprenticeships to drive innovation and strengthen Canada’s workforce.
• Simplified processing measures promise faster visa approvals and reduced paperwork for skilled migrants and their families.
• Indian professionals stand to benefit most as Canada positions itself as a top destination for global talent amid rising US visa barriers.

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Canada’s New Immigration Agenda Focuses on Skills, Innovation, and Inclusion

In a prime-time national address, Prime Minister Mark Carney announced that Canada’s upcoming federal budget will introduce a comprehensive immigration overhaul. The initiative aims to align immigration levels with the nation’s economic needs and social capacity, ensuring that newcomers are welcomed in a sustainable and balanced manner.

At the core of this policy lies a new “National Talent Strategy”, designed to strengthen Canada’s position as a global innovation hub. The strategy focuses on three key goals:

• Expanding skills and apprenticeships in science, technology, engineering, and innovation fields to prepare a highly skilled workforce.
• Introducing streamlined immigration pathways for professionals and families, making it faster and easier to settle in Canada.
• Reducing administrative barriers to create a smoother, more accessible process for global workers.

Carney emphasized that the reforms are meant to “do better — for newcomers and for everyone,” reflecting Canada’s growing commitment to inclusive growth and sustainable immigration. The new plan aims to help immigrants integrate successfully while driving innovation and supporting Canada’s long-term economic goals.

Also, read…

IRCC Confirms Which PR Streams Will Be Prioritized in 2025. Check your eligibility!
 

Canada Welcomes Indian Tech Talent amid Soaring US H-1B Visa Costs

The recent announcement by the Trump administration introducing a $100,000 H-1B visa application fee has caused a major shift in global talent mobility. Effective September 21, 2025, the fee applies to new H-1B applications, though renewals and student visa conversions are exempt.

The White House claims the move is meant to protect local employment and ensure that foreign workers “supplement, not replace” American jobs. However, the new policy has already had ripple effects—global companies like Walmart, TCS, and Infosys have reportedly paused new H-1B filings due to soaring costs.

This sudden shift has created a significant opportunity for Canada, which continues to champion pro-immigration and innovation-driven policies. With streamlined visa processing, diverse work opportunities, and a strong emphasis on skilled migration, Canada is fast becoming the top alternative for global professionals seeking stable and long-term career options.

For Indian professionals, this shift is particularly beneficial. India has long supplied the backbone of global IT and engineering talent, and with Canada’s tech-friendly ecosystem, transparent immigration system, and growing job market, it now stands out as the preferred destination for skilled workers who once relied on the U.S. H-1B route.

Also read…

Would Canada be the next choice for STEM Professionals after the H-1B Visa fee hike?
 

What Makes Canada a Top Choice for Skilled Immigrants?

Canada continues to rank among the world’s top destinations for skilled migrants, welcoming over 471,550 new permanent residents in 2023 and planning to admit 1.1 million newcomers by 2027.

Here’s why Canada remains the preferred choice for professionals worldwide:

• Diverse Immigration Pathways: Over 100 programs, including Express Entry, PNPs, and Global Talent Stream.
• Strong Job Market: More than 1 million job vacancies across tech, healthcare, and engineering sectors.
• Pro-Immigration Policies: Streamlined visa processing and simplified family sponsorship options.
• Innovation-Driven Economy: Ranked among the top 10 most innovative countries globally.
• High Quality of Life: Universal healthcare, world-class education, and multicultural inclusivity.

*Want to work in Canada? Talk to experts at Y-Axis to help you with the steps.
 

Canada’s Immigration Shift Creates Fresh Opportunities for Indian IT Experts

Indian tech talent is expected to be one of the biggest beneficiaries of this new immigration direction. With thousands of Indian professionals already working in Canada’s growing IT and innovation sectors, these reforms create even stronger pathways for migration and career advancement.

• Higher Demand: Canada’s growing tech hubs, including Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary, continue to seek skilled engineers and developers.
• Pathway to PR: Fast-track options through Express Entry and the Global Talent Stream for Indian IT professionals.
• Family-Friendly Immigration: Simplified PR and citizenship routes make Canada more appealing for Indian families.

As U.S. visa restrictions intensify, more Indian graduates and professionals are expected to pivot toward Canada’s welcoming immigration system — one that values talent, education, and experience without excessive financial or administrative barriers.

*Want to apply for Canada PR? Let Y-Axis guide you with the steps.
 

Canada Strengthens Its Appeal as a Hub for Skilled Professionals

Canada’s new immigration plan reaffirms its commitment to becoming a global leader in attracting skilled professionals. By simplifying processes, promoting innovation, and investing in talent development, the country is paving the way for sustainable economic growth.

For Indian professionals, this marks a new era of opportunity — a chance to build successful global careers in a nation that values skill, diversity, and innovation. With clearer pathways to permanent residency and citizenship, Canada continues to stand out as the most welcoming destination for global talent.
 

*Are you looking for step-by-step assistance with Canadian immigration? Contact Y-Axis, the world’s No. 1 overseas immigration consultancy!

For recent Canadian immigration updates, check out Y-Axis Canada immigration News!
 

FAQs

1. What is Canada’s new immigration plan announced by Prime Minister Mark Carney?

Canada’s new immigration plan, announced by Prime Minister Mark Carney, focuses on attracting global talent amid rising international competition. The plan aims to make Canada a top destination for skilled workers, researchers, and entrepreneurs by streamlining visa processes and expanding pathways for high-demand professions. It emphasizes economic growth, innovation, and workforce diversification. This strategic move positions Canada as a preferred alternative to the U.S. for professionals affected by the recent surge in H-1B visa fees, reinforcing its image as an open, inclusive, and opportunity-driven economy.
 

2. Why has Canada introduced this new immigration plan in 2025?

Canada introduced the 2025 immigration plan to address workforce shortages and strengthen its economic competitiveness. The move comes as global migration patterns shift due to rising U.S. H-1B visa costs and tightening immigration policies elsewhere. The plan is designed to attract skilled workers who can contribute to Canada’s innovation and tech-driven economy. It also supports long-term goals to balance an aging population and fill critical labour market gaps. By easing entry routes for professionals and entrepreneurs, Canada aims to secure its position as a global leader in skilled migration and economic resilience.
 

3. How does Canada’s new immigration strategy aim to attract foreign workers?

The new strategy focuses on simplifying immigration procedures, introducing faster visa processing, and expanding work permit options for international professionals. It also includes targeted recruitment in technology, finance, healthcare, and green energy sectors. Canada plans to collaborate with global universities and companies to promote skilled migration and retain foreign graduates. The policy emphasizes flexibility and accessibility, ensuring that professionals affected by stricter or costlier U.S. visa routes find Canada more appealing. This proactive approach reinforces Canada’s image as a talent-friendly nation committed to supporting innovation and global workforce mobility.
 

4. What impact will the U.S. H-1B visa fee increase have on Canada’s immigration plans?

The surge in U.S. H-1B visa fees is expected to redirect a significant number of skilled professionals toward Canada. This shift presents an opportunity for Canada to position itself as a more cost-effective and welcoming destination for global talent. The new immigration plan leverages this moment by offering simpler application pathways and competitive post-graduation work opportunities. As U.S. immigration becomes increasingly expensive and uncertain, Canada’s stable and inclusive policies are likely to attract highly qualified workers, particularly in the tech, research, and finance sectors seeking reliable long-term opportunities.
 

5. Which sectors in Canada are expected to benefit most from the new immigration policy?

The sectors poised to benefit the most include technology, healthcare, clean energy, finance, and advanced manufacturing. These industries face persistent talent shortages and are central to Canada’s economic and innovation strategies. The new immigration plan will help fill critical roles such as software engineers, data analysts, healthcare specialists, and renewable energy experts. By easing entry for global professionals in these high-demand areas, Canada aims to strengthen productivity, boost innovation, and ensure sustained economic growth across regions. This targeted approach aligns with the country’s long-term vision of building a resilient, future-ready workforce.
 

6. How does this plan support Canada’s long-term labor market and economic growth?

The plan is structured to address both immediate labor shortages and long-term demographic challenges. By prioritizing skilled migration, Canada ensures a steady inflow of qualified professionals to sustain key industries and public services. The initiative also supports entrepreneurship, innovation, and international investment, reinforcing Canada’s role in the global economy. With an aging population and increasing job vacancies, the immigration plan will help stabilize workforce participation, drive economic output, and maintain growth momentum across provinces, while supporting diversity and inclusion as pillars of national development.
 

7. Are there any new visa categories or pathways introduced under the new immigration plan?

The plan introduces enhanced pathways for high-demand professionals, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. It is expected to expand existing programs such as the Global Talent Stream and International Mobility Program. Additionally, the government may launch new pilot programs for entrepreneurs, digital nomads, and skilled graduates to ease entry and settlement. These streamlined pathways aim to reduce administrative barriers, encourage faster work authorization, and promote long-term retention of skilled immigrants, reinforcing Canada’s commitment to innovation and workforce development in priority sectors.
 

8. How does Canada plan to compete with the U.S. for global talent?

Canada’s strategy centers on offering predictable immigration processes, affordable application fees, and a clear pathway to permanent residency. Unlike the U.S., which faces periodic visa restrictions and rising costs, Canada promotes inclusivity and job security for foreign workers. The government’s approach highlights collaboration with universities and employers, flexible work permit programs, and simplified residency options. By focusing on stability, affordability, and quality of life, Canada positions itself as a viable alternative for skilled workers and global investors seeking growth opportunities in a welcoming, policy-driven environment.
 

9. What are the expected changes in immigration targets for 2025–2026 under this plan?

Under the new strategy, Canada is expected to either maintain or moderately increase its annual immigration targets beyond 500,000 newcomers. The focus will be on attracting skilled professionals, entrepreneurs, and innovators essential to economic and technological growth. The government may prioritize faster processing and regional distribution of skilled migrants to address local labor shortages. These adjusted targets align with Canada’s economic priorities and its goal of sustaining growth amid global competition for talent, ensuring continued development of a skilled, diverse, and future-ready workforce.
 

10 How will foreign professionals and skilled workers benefit from this new policy?

Foreign professionals will gain from quicker visa approvals, expanded work opportunities, and smoother transitions to permanent residency. The policy ensures access to Canada’s strong job market, quality education, and public healthcare system. It also provides greater mobility within the Canadian labor market, allowing skilled migrants to explore diverse opportunities across provinces. By reducing bureaucratic hurdles and offering long-term stability, Canada empowers international professionals to build successful careers while contributing to the country’s innovation-driven economy and inclusive society.

Highlights: New Zealand Strengthens Skilled Migration with Expanded Occupation List

• From November 3, 2025, New Zealand will recognize 91 new skilled occupations under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV), opening doors for more global professionals.
• The update marks a major shift from ANZSCO to the new National Occupation List (NOL), aligning visa categories with current labour market needs.
• Employers can submit job checks for newly added skill level 1–3 roles, simplifying the hiring process for accredited organizations.
• Migrant workers can now stay for up to 5 years, with options to bring their families under the revised visa terms.
• The NOL will be updated annually, ensuring it keeps pace with New Zealand’s evolving workforce demands and economic priorities.

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91 New Occupations Recognised under New Zealand’s Updated Work Visa Rules

New Zealand is all set to modernise its work visa system by expanding its list of recognised skilled occupations. Starting November 3, 2025, the country will move from the Australia and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) to the more flexible and updated National Occupation List (NOL) — a change that brings 91 new skilled roles under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) programme.

The goal behind this transition is clear — to make it easier for employers to fill in-demand roles and help skilled professionals find long-term opportunities that reflect New Zealand’s evolving job market.

The National Occupation List (NOL), introduced in November 2024 and last updated in July 2025, will now serve as the country’s official job classification framework. It will be reviewed every year, ensuring that the system stays in sync with current labour trends and economic demands.

Under the new framework:

• Employers can now submit job checks for the newly recognised skill level 1 to 3 occupations, which include positions across industries like healthcare, construction, IT, and engineering.
• Workers in these roles can now enjoy longer visa durations, up to five years, and can bring their families along.
• Existing employees in skill level 4 or 5 roles can also shift into one of the new occupations if they have three years of relevant experience or a recognised qualification.

The new occupations will appear alongside existing ANZSCO codes in the Immigration Online system, making it easier for both employers and workers to apply under the revised categories.

According to Immigration New Zealand (INZ), this update marks an important step in streamlining the country’s immigration system. It ensures that the visa process better reflects the real needs of employers and keeps New Zealand competitive in attracting global talent.

This shift to the NOL not only simplifies how jobs are classified but also creates a more transparent and future-ready immigration pathway — one that benefits both New Zealand employers and skilled professionals from India and around the world.

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What These Changes Mean for Indian Professionals

For skilled professionals in India aspiring to work overseas, New Zealand’s latest policy update brings exciting new possibilities. With 91 new occupations now recognized under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV), Indian workers across diverse sectors can look forward to stronger job prospects, longer stays, and easier family inclusion.

New Zealand’s expanding demand for talent in IT, healthcare, engineering, construction, and education makes it one of the most promising destinations for Indian professionals seeking both career growth and quality of life.

Here’s how this update opens new doors for Indian applicants:

• More job options across high-demand sectors: The addition of 91 new skilled roles under the National Occupation List (NOL) means that Indian professionals — including engineers, technicians, software developers, and healthcare workers — now have more opportunities to qualify for work visas.
• Longer stay and family benefits: Eligible workers can now stay in New Zealand for up to five years, giving them time to build stable careers. The revised rules also allow family members to join, making migration more appealing for those seeking long-term settlement.
• Pathway to permanent residency: Skilled work experience gained under the AEWV can help candidates become eligible for residency pathways, especially in roles listed as long-term skill shortages.
• Simplified process for qualified professionals: With the introduction of the NOL, job descriptions and skill levels are now more aligned with real-world industry standards, making it easier for applicants to qualify and for employers to process applications.
• Favourable prospects for Indian migrants: New Zealand continues to experience skill shortages in over 150,000 positions, especially in STEM and healthcare fields. Indian professionals with internationally recognised degrees and English proficiency are well-positioned to take advantage of these openings.

According to Immigration New Zealand (INZ), these changes are part of a broader effort to ensure that the country’s visa framework remains transparent, fair, and responsive to the evolving global job market.

For Indian migrants, this means an easier route to secure high-paying jobs, gain international experience, and eventually apply for permanent residency — all while enjoying the safe, family-friendly, and culturally diverse environment that New Zealand offers.

Also, read…

New Zealand to Launch Business Investor Work Visa on November 24. Apply Now!
 

New Zealand Strengthens Its Position as a Top Destination for Skilled Talent

New Zealand’s decision to recognise 91 new skilled occupations under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) isn’t just a policy shift, it’s a sign of how the country is adapting to a rapidly changing global workforce.

By moving from the Australia–New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) to the National Occupation List (NOL), the government aims to make its immigration system more relevant, transparent, and responsive to real-world labour demands.

This update gives both employers and migrants greater flexibility and confidence in the hiring process.

• For skilled professionals, particularly from India, it means:
• More job opportunities in sectors facing ongoing shortages
• Simpler and faster visa processing under the updated NOL framework
• Longer stays and family inclusion, creating stability for migrant
• Stronger alignment between qualifications and recognised occupations

With the NOL being reviewed annually, New Zealand ensures its work-visa system keeps pace with global trends, an approach that helps the country remain a top destination for skilled talent seeking long-term career growth and a better lifestyle.
 

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FAQs

1. What are the new changes to New Zealand’s Skilled Occupation List in 2025?

Starting November 3, 2025, New Zealand will recognise 91 new skilled occupations under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) programme. This change marks a transition to the National Occupation List (NOL), replacing the older ANZSCO classification. The update is designed to align job categories with current labour market trends and simplify the hiring process for accredited employers. It allows employers to submit job checks for newly recognised skill level 1–3 roles and provides more opportunities for skilled professionals seeking long-term work and settlement in New Zealand.

 

2. How many new occupations has New Zealand added under the AEWV programme?

Under the latest immigration update, 91 new skilled occupations have been added to the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) programme. These roles span a wide range of industries, including healthcare, IT, construction, and engineering. Employers can begin submitting job checks for these new positions starting November 3, 2025. The expansion aims to fill skill shortages and strengthen New Zealand’s workforce. This development also benefits skilled workers from countries like India who can now apply for a wider range of jobs aligned with their qualifications and experience.

 

3. When will New Zealand’s updated Skilled Occupation List take effect?

The expanded Skilled Occupation List will take effect on November 3, 2025. From this date, accredited employers will be able to submit job checks for the 91 newly recognised skilled roles under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) programme. The update follows New Zealand’s move to the National Occupation List (NOL), which modernises job classification to better reflect the country’s labour market. Employers and migrant workers are encouraged to prepare in advance for the transition to ensure a smooth application process under the new visa framework.

 

4. What is the National Occupation List (NOL) in New Zealand?

The National Occupation List (NOL) is New Zealand’s updated job classification framework that replaces the Australia and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO). Introduced in November 2024, it serves as the official system for assessing job eligibility under work visas such as the AEWV. The NOL categorises occupations by skill level, ensuring greater accuracy in matching jobs to current labour market needs. It is reviewed annually to stay aligned with New Zealand’s changing workforce demands and to make the immigration process faster and more transparent for both employers and applicants.

 

5. Which system does the NOL replace in New Zealand’s immigration framework?

The National Occupation List (NOL) replaces the Australia and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) system previously used for visa and job classification. While ANZSCO provided a shared framework, it was less flexible and slower to adapt to New Zealand’s evolving labour market. The introduction of the NOL gives the government more control to update job categories regularly, helping employers and migrant workers respond faster to skill shortages. This new system will now serve as the basis for job checks and visa eligibility under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV).

 

6. Who can apply for work visas under the new Skilled Occupation List?

Skilled professionals whose roles are listed in the 91 newly recognised occupations under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) can apply starting November 3, 2025. Eligible applicants must have a job offer from an accredited employer, meet the minimum wage threshold, and possess the necessary skills or qualifications for the role. Workers currently in skill level 4 or 5 jobs may also apply if they have at least three years of related experience or hold a recognised qualification relevant to one of the new NOL-listed occupations.

 

7. How long can migrant workers stay in New Zealand under the AEWV?

Migrant workers employed in eligible occupations under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) can stay in New Zealand for up to five years, provided they meet all visa and wage requirements. The visa also allows for family inclusion, enabling dependents to join the worker in New Zealand. This policy encourages long-term settlement and career development for skilled professionals. The extended stay duration aims to provide stability, reduce turnover, and help workers gain valuable experience that may later contribute to residency eligibility under New Zealand’s skilled migration pathways.

 

8. Can family members accompany workers under New Zealand’s new work visa rules?

Yes, eligible migrant workers under the Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) can bring their family members to New Zealand. Dependents may be included in the application if the worker meets the required wage and visa conditions. The policy allows families to stay together while the main applicant works in a skilled occupation. This inclusion supports New Zealand’s goal of attracting and retaining global talent by offering a more holistic and family-friendly migration experience. It also benefits workers seeking stability and a better work-life balance in the country.

 

9. How does the new occupation list benefit Indian professionals?

For Indian professionals, the expansion of New Zealand’s Skilled Occupation List means broader access to high-demand sectors such as IT, healthcare, construction, and engineering. With 91 new roles recognised under the AEWV, more Indian workers can qualify for longer-term employment and family inclusion. The revised National Occupation List (NOL) provides clearer criteria for eligibility, reducing confusion during the application process. Given the strong demand for skilled labour and competitive pay in New Zealand, Indian professionals now have enhanced opportunities to work, settle, and grow in a stable and prosperous economy.

 

10.Will the National Occupation List (NOL) be updated regularly?

Yes, the National Occupation List (NOL) will be reviewed annually to ensure that it reflects New Zealand’s current labour market needs. Regular updates help the government keep the immigration system relevant and responsive to changing skill shortages. This process ensures that both employers and workers can rely on accurate job data when applying for visas. The annual review also enables new occupations to be added as industries evolve, keeping New Zealand’s work visa framework dynamic, transparent, and aligned with its long-term economic and workforce strategies.

Highlights: UK Announces New Visa and Immigration Reforms

• The UK government has introduced a series of immigration reforms under Statement HC 1333, bringing major changes to visa rules, eligibility, and requirements for foreign nationals.
• Botswana nationals must now apply for a UK visit visa, with the change taking effect immediately from October 14, 2025.
• The High Potential Individual (HPI) visa will expand from November 4, 2025, allowing graduates from the top 100 global universities to apply, capped at 8,000 visas per year.
• The Immigration Skills Charge (ISC) for large businesses will increase by 32%, rising from £1,000 to £1,320 starting December 16, 2025.
• From January 8, 2026, the English language requirement for Skilled Worker, HPI, and Scale-up routes will be raised to B2 level, while from January 1, 2027, the Graduate visa stay will shorten from 24 to 18 months (PhD graduates remain eligible for three years).

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UK Announces Major Immigration Rules set to Impact Students and Skilled Workers

The United Kingdom has introduced a new set of immigration policies under Statement of Changes HC 1333, signaling one of the most significant updates to its visa framework in recent years. These changes aim to streamline migration, raise language and skill standards, and ensure that immigration aligns more closely with the UK’s evolving economic and labour market needs.

For thousands of Indian professionals, students, and employers looking to move to or work in the UK, these new rules could reshape migration plans starting late 2025 through 2027.

Under the new policy updates:

• Tougher language criteria: The English language requirement for key visa routes, including Skilled Worker visa, High Potential Individual (HPI), and Scale-up visas, has been raised from CEFR B1 to B2. This higher level ensures that foreign professionals can meet advanced communication and workplace standards. The change takes effect from January 8, 2026.
• Graduate visa shortened: The Graduate Route, which currently allows international students to stay and work in the UK for two years after graduation, will now be limited to 18 months starting January 1, 2027. However, PhD graduates will still enjoy a three-year post-study stay, maintaining an edge for research-focused talent.
• Higher employer costs: From December 16, 2025, the Immigration Skills Charge (ISC), a mandatory fee for UK companies hiring foreign workers, will rise by 32%, moving from £1,000 to £1,320 per employee, per year. This measure is expected to impact larger employers the most.
• Expanded HPI visa access: Starting November 4, 2025, the High Potential Individual visa will open to graduates from the top 100 global universities, up from the current 42 institutions, with an annual cap of 8,000 visas. This expansion benefits international graduates from globally recognized universities, including many Indian students from top-ranked global institutes.
• New visa requirement for Botswana nationals: Effective October 14, 2025, nationals from Botswana now require a visa to visit the UK, reflecting a tightening of border measures for certain countries.

 

These measures are part of the UK’s broader strategy to balance openness with control, focusing on attracting top talent while ensuring sustainable immigration levels. The new policy framework also emphasizes language proficiency, employment readiness, and employer accountability, suggesting a shift toward a more selective, skill-driven immigration model.

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UK Raises Entry Bar: What It Means for Indians Planning to Migrate

The UK’s latest immigration reforms under Statement HC 1333 bring significant shifts that will affect how Indian students, professionals, and employers approach migration. From higher English standards to shorter post-study work periods, these changes signal the UK’s move toward a more selective, skill-driven immigration model.

Here’s what Indian aspirants should know:

• Tighter timelines for graduates: Indian students will now get 18 months instead of 24 to stay and work in the UK after completing their studies. PhD graduates will continue to enjoy a 3-year post-study stay.
• Higher English requirements: From January 2026, applicants under Skilled Worker, HPI, and Scale-up visas must meet B2-level English proficiency, requiring stronger IELTS or PTE scores.
• Increased employer costs: UK employers hiring Indian professionals will see the Immigration Skills Charge rise by 32% — from £1,000 to £1,320 per worker per year — starting December 2025.
• More opportunities for top graduates: The High Potential Individual (HPI) visa will now include graduates from the top 100 global universities, expanding chances for Indians from globally ranked institutions.
• A new reality for Indian migrants: The UK aims to attract highly skilled, English-proficient talent, meaning Indian applicants must prepare early — upgrading skills, boosting language scores, and securing offers before graduation.

 

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FAQs
 

1. What are the key immigration rule changes announced in October 2025?

The UK announced a series of immigration updates beginning in October 2025, aimed at tightening standards and improving workforce quality. These include an immediate visa requirement for Botswana nationals, an expansion of the High Potential Individual (HPI) visa from November 2025 with an 8,000 annual cap, and a 32% increase in the Immigration Skills Charge effective from December 2025. From January 2026, Skilled Worker visa applicants must meet a B2 English language level, and from January 2027, the Graduate visa duration will reduce from 24 to 18 months.
 

2. When does the new English language requirement (B2 level) for UK work visas take effect?

Starting January 8, 2026, applicants for Skilled Worker, Scale-up, and High Potential Individual (HPI) visas must meet a B2 level of English proficiency, equivalent to an upper-intermediate standard. This change raises the bar from the previous B1 level to ensure workers can communicate effectively and integrate into professional environments. Those who apply before this date will be assessed under the old requirement, while new applicants must meet the updated criteria based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).
 

3. How has eligibility for the High Potential Individual (HPI) visa been updated?

From November 4, 2025, the High Potential Individual (HPI) visa will be expanded to include graduates from the top 100 global universities, up from the previous 42. This expansion allows a broader pool of international talent to live and work in the UK. Applicants must have graduated within the past five years from an eligible institution and meet financial, language, and character requirements. The aim of this reform is to attract highly skilled graduates who can contribute to innovation and growth in key sectors across the UK.
 

4. What is the new annual cap for the HPI route and how will it work?

The High Potential Individual visa will now operate under an annual cap of 8,000 applications per year, effective from November 2025. This cap will apply to both new entry clearance and visa extension applications. The limit ensures the program remains competitive yet manageable, balancing demand and administrative capacity. The UK government will review the cap annually and may adjust it depending on labor market needs and migration trends. Applicants are advised to apply early in the visa cycle to secure a spot within the yearly quota.
 

5. What changed for Botswana nationals travelling to the UK?

From October 14, 2025, Botswana nationals are required to obtain a visa before traveling to the UK. This change took immediate effect and removes Botswana from the list of countries eligible for visa-free entry and the Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) system. Visitors from Botswana must now apply for a visa in advance, providing required documentation such as proof of purpose of visit, finances, and return travel plans. This update aligns UK border policy with evolving global security and migration standards.
 

6. What changes were made to the Graduate route and when do they apply?

From January 1, 2027, the UK Graduate visa will be shortened from 24 months to 18 months for Master’s and bachelor’s degree holders, while PhD graduates will continue to receive 3 years of post-study stay. Students who apply before December 31, 2026, will still receive the full two-year stay. The adjustment encourages graduates to transition more quickly into skilled employment or longer-term visa routes such as the Skilled Worker visa, reinforcing the UK’s focus on retaining high-skilled international talent.
 

7. How and when is the Immigration Skills Charge (ISC) increasing?

The Immigration Skills Charge, paid by UK employers when sponsoring overseas workers, will rise by 32% starting December 16, 2025. For large employers, the fee will increase from £1,000 to £1,320 per worker per year. Small businesses and charities will see their rate increase from £364 to £480. This adjustment reflects inflation and aims to fund domestic workforce training initiatives. Employers should update their hiring budgets and assign Certificates of Sponsorship before the new rates take effect to minimize costs.
 

8. How do these updates affect international students planning to live and work in the UK?

International students will experience several notable impacts under the 2025 rule changes. The Graduate visa duration will reduce to 18 months from 2027, while the English language requirement for post-study routes such as HPI visas will rise to B2 from January 2026. On a positive note, eligibility for the HPI visa is expanding to include graduates from 100 top-ranked universities worldwide. These measures ensure that international graduates entering the UK job market meet higher language and employability standards while retaining clear career pathways.
 

9. What will the impact be on Skilled Worker applicants around language standards?

From January 8, 2026, Skilled Worker visa applicants must meet the B2 level of English proficiency, replacing the previous B1 requirement. This new standard applies to new applications and ensures candidates possess stronger communication skills suitable for professional environments. The B2 requirement can be met through an approved English language test, a degree taught in English, or proof of nationality from an English-speaking country. The change reflects the UK’s commitment to maintaining high workplace communication and performance standards.
 

10. What transitional arrangements apply for people already in the UK when the changes start?

Transitional provisions ensure that applicants who apply before the new rules take effect are assessed under existing criteria. For example, those who submit Graduate visa applications before December 31, 2026, will still receive a 24-month stay, while Skilled Worker applicants who apply before January 8, 2026, can qualify under the previous B1 language requirement. Similarly, HPI applications made before November 4, 2025, are unaffected by the cap. These arrangements protect applicants already in progress under earlier rules, avoiding disruption to ongoing visa processes.